Synthesis 101 | Part 2 | Synthesis Concepts

Subtractive Synthesis

If you haven't already, please visit "Synthesis 101 | Part 1 | An Introduction to Subtractive Synthesis" for your first walkthrough of synthesizers. Now we have learnt the basic structure of subtractive synthesis, it is time to cover other aspects of a synth. In this article we explore modulators, wavefolding, sample & hold, attenuators, MIDI/CV peripherals, arpeggiators and sequencers.

Modulators

PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)

PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) is a method of sound synthesis that involves modulating the width of a series of pulses to create different timbres and tones. By varying the width of the pulses, different harmonics can be emphasized or suppressed, resulting in a unique and dynamic sound. A waveform generator produces a series of square waves at a specific frequency. The width of these pulses is then modulated by an LFO (Low-Frequency Oscillator) or envelope generator. By adjusting the modulation rate and depth, users can create a variety of sounds ranging from smooth and mellow to harsh and aggressive. PWM is commonly used in synthesizers to create rich and complex sounds such as strings, brass, and pads. It is also popular in electronic dance music for creating unique basslines and lead sounds.

Ring Modulation

Ring modulation is a method of sound synthesis that involves combining two audio signals to create new and unique sounds. It works by multiplying the amplitudes of two input signals, resulting in sum and difference frequencies being generated. The resulting output is a combination of the original signals' frequencies, as well as sum and difference frequencies. This creates a new sound that is different from the original inputs, with a unique and often unpredictable character. This process creates harmonically rich and complex tones that can range from metallic and robotic to dissonant and otherworldly. Ring modulation can be used to create a wide range of sounds, from subtle textures and harmonics to extreme and experimental tones. It is commonly used in electronic music genres such as ambient, experimental, and industrial music. Ring modulation can add depth, movement, and complexity to your tracks, making them stand out and sound more interesting.

FM (Frequency Modulation)

FM synthesis is a method of sound synthesis that uses frequency modulation to generate and manipulate sound waves. It involves modulating the frequency of one waveform (the carrier) with another waveform (the modulator) to create new and interesting sounds. By adjusting the modulation depth and frequency ratio between the carrier and modulator, you can create a wide range of sounds, from bell-like tones to metallic or robotic sounds. Experiment with different modulation depths and frequency ratios to create unique sounds. Start with simple waveforms and gradually add more complex ones to layer and modulate. Use envelopes and filters to shape the sound further.

Wavefolding

Wavefolding is a non-linear process that adds harmonics to a waveform by folding the waveform back on itself. When a waveform exceeds a certain threshold, it is "folded" or inverted, creating new harmonics and timbral changes. Wavefolding is typically applied to simple waveforms such as sine, triangle, or sawtooth waves to create more complex and interesting sounds. By adjusting the amount of folding or the folding threshold, you can control the intensity and character of the resulting waveform. Wavefolding can be used to create evolving textures, aggressive basslines, and unique lead sounds in electronic music production.

Sample & Hold

Sample & Hold involves sampling an incoming signal at a specific rate and holding that sample until the next sample is taken. This creates a stair-step waveform that can be manipulated to produce a variety of effects. One of the main uses of Sample & Hold is to introduce randomness into a sound. By sampling and holding random values, you can create unpredictable and evolving textures that add depth and interest to your music. Sample & Hold can be used in conjunction with a Low Frequency Oscillator (LFO) to modulate parameters such as pitch, filter cutoff, or amplitude. This can result in rhythmic and pulsating effects that can be synced to the tempo of your track. By rapidly sampling and holding audio signals, you can create glitchy and stuttering effects that add a futuristic and experimental vibe to your music.

Attenuator & Attenuverter

An attenuator is a module that allows you to control the amplitude or volume of a signal. It essentially acts as a volume knob, allowing you to decrease the level of a signal before it reaches another module. This can be useful for controlling the dynamics of your sound or for creating more subtle changes in volume. An attenuverter, on the other hand, not only allows you to attenuate a signal but also invert it. This means that you can not only decrease the volume of a signal but also flip it upside down, creating interesting and unique modulation possibilities. Attenuverters are commonly used in modulation sources like LFOs and envelopes to add more depth and complexity to your sound.

MIDI & CV (Control Voltage)

Midi stands for Musical Instrument Digital Interface. It is a digital communication protocol that allows electronic musical instruments, computers, and other devices to communicate with each other. Midi messages can control various parameters such as notes, pitch, velocity, and modulation. CV is an analog method of controlling electronic musical instruments. It uses varying electrical voltages to control parameters such as pitch, amplitude, and filter cutoff. CV is commonly used in modular synthesizers and analog synthesizers. CV allows for more nuanced and expressive control over parameters compared to Midi.

Arpeggiators

An arpeggiator is a feature found in many synthesizers and electronic music production tools that automatically play a series of individual notes in a chord in a specific pattern. This can create rhythmic and melodic interest in your music. Arpeggiators work by taking the notes of a chord that you play on your keyboard or input into a sequencer and playing them back in a sequence determined by the user. This can range from simple up and down patterns to more complex random or user-defined sequences. Arpeggiators can add movement and energy to your music, creating interesting rhythmic patterns that can drive a track forward. They can also be used to create intricate melodies and harmonies that would be difficult to play manually.

Sequencers

A sequencer is a device that allows you to program and arrange musical notes and rhythms in a specific order. It gives you precise control over the timing and placement of each note, allowing you to create complex melodies and rhythms. Sequencers can be used to create entire songs or just individual parts, such as drum patterns or basslines. They are essential tools that can help you create precise and intricate self-playing compositions.